desde index

Ethereum: What does a segregated witness transaction look like?

Separate Witness: Deep Diving to Ethereum Events

As we study the complexities of the block structure of Ethereum, one concept stands out as particularly fascinating: a separate witness (SW). In this article, we look at what the SW event looks like and how it works on the Ethereum network.

Current transaction structure

A typical Ethereum event consists of several components:

Separate structure of witness trade

The SW event is similar to the regular Ethereum event but has a central difference:

Here’s an example of a SW event:

`

Version 0x01 | [Txid] …

^ ^ ^

And 0x1a | [Input Param1]

And 0x1e | [Input Param2]

Version 0x02 | [Txid] …

^ ^ ^

And 0x19 | [Input Param3]

`

As you can see, each inlet parameter is a prefix with the 0x01 segwit prefix and then the corresponding public key. This allows for more efficient storage of feed data and reduces the risk of key collisions.

How a separate witness acts

When the user sends a SW event to the Ethereum network, the network nodes will check it with the following steps:

2

4

Benefits of the Separated Witness

A separate witness offers several benefits:

* Effective storage : Each inlet parameter can be recorded independently by reducing the use of memory and improving scalability.

* Improved security : reduced key collisions and increased supply information random make SW safer.

* Improved performance : Faster event processing times are achieved due to decreased overhead cost when each inlet parameter has checked.

In summary, the separated witness is a strong concept that improves the efficiency, safety and performance of Ethereum commercial activities. By understanding SW’s operations, we can better appreciate the complexity of the Ethereum network and explore its potential to improve the overall user experience.

Metamask: Ive had to reinstall Metamask and I have my seed phrase, but now shows a different account number to the original

Here is an article that addresses your question:

Changing Metamask Account Number: Reinstalling and Resetting Seed Phrase

I have a frustrating issue with my Metamask wallet and am hoping someone can help me resolve the issue. Unfortunately, reinstalling Metamask did not resolve the issue and I am wondering if it is possible to reset my account number or seed phrase.

When you use Metamask for token transactions, including flagship tokens like CSWAP, you are essentially interacting with the Metamask wallet blockchain. This allows you to manage access to specific wallets on the blockchain without having to physically hold them.

Here is what I have done so far:

The issue seems to be related to the way Metamask handles token interactions and account data. Specifically, it seems that after reinstalling or resetting seed phrase information, the wallet may not properly retain your account details on the blockchain.

What can you do?

If you are experiencing similar issues with your Metamask wallet, here are some steps you can take:

Additional troubleshooting steps

If none of the above steps resolve the issue, you may want to consider:

I hope this helps and I am happy to continue trying to help you resolve your Metamask account number issue!

Ethereum: To create a blockchain using MySQL database [closed]

I can help you with that. Here is a step-by-step guide to creating a simple local Ethereum-like blockchain using MySQL:

Prerequisites:

Database Schema:

We will use the following schema for our blockchain:

| Column Name | Data Type | Description |

| — | — | — |

| id ( PRIMARY KEY ) | INT | Unique identifier for each block |

| timestamp | DATETIME | Timestamp when the block was added to the chain |

| data | VARCHAR(255) | The data contained in the block |

Create a MySQL table:

CREATE TABLE blockchain (
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
timestamp: DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
data VARCHAR(255)
);

Insert initial blocks:

If you want to create new blocks while referencing previous blocks, you use the concept of a «previous block» or «block reference». We store the «id» of each block in a separate row and create a foreign key reference to itself.

INSERT INTO blockchain (data) VALUES ('Initial block data');

Insert next block:

If we want to add new blocks to our chain, we insert a new row with the current timestamp and the data in the block field of another row. We assume that each block contains a reference to the previous block using the “id” column.

INSERT INTO blockchain (data) VALUES ('New Block Data');

Insert next block reference:

To create a new block while referencing an existing one, we insert a new row with the current timestamp and the ID of the previous block. This creates a reference to the previous block.

INSERT INTO blockchain (data) VALUES ('Next Block Data');

Using MySQL Queries:

Here’s how you can use SQL queries to create and manage blocks:

-- Create a new block while referencing an existing one
INSERT INTO blockchain(data)
SELECT 'New Block Data'
FROM blockchain
WHERE id = LAST_INSERT_ID();
-- Insert the next block reference
INSERT INTO blockchain(data)
VALUES ('Next Block Data');
-- Check the data and references of the current block
SELECT * FROM blockchain WHERE id = LAST_INSERT_ID();

How ​​it works:

Conclusion:

Ethereum: To create a blockchain using MySQL database [closed]

In this article, we created a simple local Ethereum-like blockchain using MySQL database tables. By storing the ‘id’ of each block in separate rows and creating foreign key references between them, we can easily manage our blockchain. This approach allows us to easily add new blocks while referencing existing ones, ensuring that our chain remains valid.

Example use cases:

Bybit, Mantle (MNT), Risk Management

«Crypto and Risk Management: Navigating the Complex World of Digital Currencies»

The world of cryptocurrency has experienced rapid growth in recent years, with many investors and traders jumping on the bandwagon to take advantage of the potential for high returns. However, as exciting as this market can be, it also comes with a set of risks that must be carefully managed in order to avoid significant losses.

One of the most crucial aspects of managing risk in cryptocurrency is understanding the different types of risks involved. These include:

Bybit: A Leader in Crypto Risk Management

One platform that has gained attention for its advanced risk management features is ByBit. This popular cryptocurrency exchange provides a range of tools to help users manage their risks effectively, including:

ByBit’s robust risk management tools have earned it a reputation as one of the most reliable cryptocurrency exchanges in the market, attracting investors from around the world.

Mantle: A Solid Option for Risk Management

Another platform that has made significant strides in managing risks is Mantle. This digital wallet and exchange offers several features to help users navigate the complex world of cryptocurrencies:

Mantle’s user-friendly interface and robust risk management features make it an attractive option for investors looking to manage their crypto portfolios effectively.

Conclusion

The world of cryptocurrency is a complex and rapidly evolving space, with many risks involved. However, by understanding these risks and leveraging effective risk management strategies, users can minimize the potential losses associated with investing in cryptocurrencies. Bybit and Mantle are two notable platforms that have demonstrated expertise in managing risks within the crypto market. As the industry continues to evolve, it will be interesting to see how these platforms adapt and improve their risk management tools to better serve investors.

Ethereum: Difference between `tx.gasprice`, `assembly { gasPrice := gasprice() }` and `block.basefee`

Understanding Gas Price Output in Ethereum Contracts

When working with Ethereum contracts, especially those that use built-in assembly or interact with external APIs like «gasprice()», accurate implementation can be crucial in distinguishing between two seemingly similar values. In this article, we will delve into the variables tx.gasprice and assembly { gasPrice := gasprice() }, exploring their differences and how they affect the operation of your contract.

Ethereum: Difference between `tx.gasprice`, `assembly { gasPrice := gasprice() }` and `block.basefee`

tx.gasprice

The variable tx.gasprice represents the estimated gas price for a transaction on the Ethereum network. This value is calculated by the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) based on a variety of factors, including:

Calling gasprice() within an included assembly block or as part of the contract initialization code returns this estimated gas price.

assembly { gasPrice := gasprice() }

The keyword assembly' is used to define a function that takes no arguments and has a single return statement. When this function is executed inside an assembly, it calculates the expected gas price for the transaction and assigns its value to the local variablegasPrice''. This approach allows you to efficiently cache gas prices without directly accessing the EVM functiongasprice()''.

Why the difference matters

Here are some key reasons why it is important to understand the difference between these two variables.

Code Example

Here is an example of how you can use both variables in a contract:

pragma hardness ^0,8,0;
contract GasPriceExample {
// Store gas price calculations for efficient performance
uint256 private _gasPrices = 0;
assembly {
// Calculate approximate gas prices for cached values
call @borderGasprice()[] memory txGases {
// Example: Calculate approximate gas prices using inline assembly
let gasPrice := gasprice()
// Store the result in a local variable for efficient caching
_gasPrices := gasPrices + (gasPrice - 1)
}
}
function borderGasprice() public pure returns (uint256) {
// Example: Simulate a cache miss by calculating gas prices from scratch
uint256 gasPrice = 10; // Estimated gas price
assembly {
// Calculate the expected gas price using the EVM gas pricing algorithm
gasPrice := gas(1, gasPrice)
}
return gasPrice;
}
function calculateGasPrice(uint256 txGases) public net return (uint256) {
// Example: Use the included assembly to maintain cache and reuse previous calculations
uint256 cachedGasPrice = _gasPrices; // Use cached value if available
assembly {
// Calculate the expected gas price using cached value or direct calculation
let gasPrice := gas(txGases, 1)
// Assign the calculated gas price to a local variable for efficient caching
cachedGasPrice := (cachedGasPrice - 1) + gasPrice
}
return cachedGasPrice;
}
}

In this example, we show how both variables can be used effectively in an Ethereum contract.

ETHEREUM FAIL PARSE JSON

Bitcoin: Can You Create a Time-Locked PSBT in Bitcoin?

Is it possible to create a time-locked PSBT in Bitcoin?

When it comes to using Partially Signed Bitcoin Transactions (PSBT) in your digital wallet or for transactions, the flexibility and security offered by Bitcoin are unmatched. However, there is one aspect of PSBT that may seem restrictive at first glance: the time-lock. In this article, we will examine whether it is possible to create a time-locked PSBT.

What is a time-lock?

In Bitcoin, a time-lock refers to a specific timestamp on the blockchain in which a transaction cannot be modified or reversed after it has been created. The concept of timestamped transactions derives from the idea that once a transaction block is mined and added to the blockchain, it remains in place. This means that attempts to change the contents of a block require additional confirmation from other nodes on the network.

Is it possible to create a time-locked PSBT?

Creating a time-locked PSBT may seem like a logical extension of this concept, but there are some limitations and complexities.

In Bitcoin, a transaction is essentially an aggregated data structure consisting of a list of inputs and outputs. When you create a new transaction using PSBT, it is not directly tied to a specific timestamp or block number. Bitcoin transactions are created in batches, and each batch represents a single “block” on the blockchain.

However, if you use PSBTs for transactions (e.g. sending funds from one wallet to another), you must ensure that the transaction metadata is properly signed and included as part of the transaction. This involves creating a block containing the transaction, which requires additional information such as the sender address, recipient address, input data, and output data.

The Problem with Timeouts in PSBTs

Now, if we try to create a time-locked PSBT, we need to add a timestamp (block number) to the transaction as part of the block that contains it. However, Bitcoin does not provide an official way to specify block numbers when creating a transaction.

In theory, you could create a time-locked PSBT using a custom block numbering scheme, similar to other cryptocurrencies like Monero or Zcash. This involves manually creating blocks and storing the associated metadata (transaction information).

Is it possible to use time-locks in Bitcoin?

While the concept of time-locks is interesting, implementing them in Bitcoin is not straightforward for several reasons:

Conclusion

It is technically possible to create a PSBT in Bitcoin with a timestamp, but this would require significant changes to the underlying blockchain protocol and additional complexity. While this may have some advantages in certain use cases (such as ensuring immutability or transaction security), it is unlikely to be practical for widespread adoption.

In summary, while timelocks can add an additional layer of security and control over transactions, they may not be feasible in Bitcoin due to its decentralized nature and the need for a more sophisticated blockchain protocol. As with any new feature or implementation, you should carefully weigh the benefits and potential drawbacks before proceeding.

Ethereum: Is it possible to get the public key of a bitcoin address I do not have the private keys for with the standard client?

Decrypting Bitcoin and Ethereum Addresses: A Guide to Public Key Extraction

When working with digital currencies, understanding how to access private keys and addresses is crucial for secure transactions. In this article, we will explore whether it is possible to obtain the public key associated with a Bitcoin address for which you do not have the corresponding private keys using only the standard client.

The short answer: No

Unfortunately, it is not possible to obtain the public key of an Ethereum address without the owner’s private key using only the standard client. The main reason for this is due to the way Ethereum (and other blockchain platforms) handle private keys and addresses.

Why not?

Private keys are encrypted with a cryptographic hash function that creates a unique signature that serves as a Proof of Key Exchange (PoE). This signature is not publicly available without the corresponding private key. Additionally, Bitcoin’s public key format requires a private key to be associated with it. Ethereum, on the other hand, uses a similar format but with a different encryption method.

Accessing a Public Key

To access a public key, you need to know the private key that was used to create the public key. This is because the private key is encrypted with the corresponding public key, and if you have one, you can recover the private key. However, as mentioned earlier, Bitcoin’s public key format requires a private key.

Alternative Methods

While it can be challenging to obtain a public key without the owner’s private keys, there are alternative methods that can help:

Conclusion

In summary, it is not possible to obtain the public key of an Ethereum address without the owner’s private keys using only the standard client. If you need to recover a lost or forgotten private key for an Ethereum wallet, exploring alternative methods such as blockchain explorer and Bitcoin seeds may be a more practical solution.

However, if you are dealing with Bitcoin, understanding how private keys work and using tools such as Blockchain.info can help you deal with this problem.

Additional Resources

For additional information on Ethereum address security and recovery, consider checking out:

Ethereum: Cant click send on Multibit

Ethereum Multibit Issue: Can’t Send Coins

As of [current date], we have received reports from several users about an issue with sending Ethereum coins to multi-bit platforms. The problem is that although your transactions appear to be confirmed, the Submit button remains grayed out and cannot be clicked.

Problem:

Often, cryptocurrency transactions are delayed or rejected for various reasons, such as insufficient funds, network congestion, or problems with transaction verification. However, in this case, there seems to be a technical issue with the multi-bit platform that prevents users from clicking the Submit button.

Reason:

After investigation, our team found the following contributing factors to this issue:

What we do:

To resolve this issue, we recommend that users try the following:

What to do next:

If you still have problems, we recommend contacting our support team for help. Our specialists will help determine the cause of the problem and provide instructions for its elimination. In some cases, this may require adjusting the settings or reconfiguring the platform.

Conclusion:

We apologize for any inconvenience caused by this issue and appreciate your patience as we continue to investigate and resolve these technical issues. If you have any additional questions or problems, please do not hesitate to contact us.

FAUCET MARKET

Ethereum: How to reconstruct UnivswapV3 pool TVL and liquidity via ordered events?

Here is an article on how to reconstruct UnivswapV3 pool TVL and liquidity through ordered events:

UnivswapV3 Pool TVL and Liquidity Reconstruction: Step by Step

Univswap, a decentralized exchange (DEX) protocol, relies on various metrics such as TVL (Total Value Locked) and liquidity to measure the health and performance of the exchange. Reconstructing these metrics requires an understanding of the underlying data structures and how to extract them from the Univswap API. In this article, we will show you how to reconstruct UnivswapV3 pool TVL and liquidity using ordered events.

What are ordered events?

Ordered events allow you to query the Univswap database in a specific order, allowing for more efficient and accurate data retrieval. By sorting the results by timestamp, you can ensure that older data is not overwritten or lost during the query process.

How ​​to rebuild UnivswapV3 Pool TVL and liquidity through ordered events

npm install eth-ordents

`

Here is an example of how to reconstruct the TVL of a UnivswapV3 pool using sorted events:

const { eth } = require('eth-orders');
const apiKey = 'YOUR_API_KEY';
const apiKeySecret = 'YOUR_API_SECRET';
// Create a new sorted event query
async function getTvl() {
const txIndex = await getTxIndex(apiKey);
const logIndex = await getLogIndex(txIndex);
// Filter logs by pool ID, sorted by timestamp
const tvlLogs = logIndex.filter((log) => log.poolId === 'univ3').sort((a, b) => a.timestamp - b.timestamp);
return tvlLogs;
}
// Function to get the TVL query for the current block
async function getCurrentTvl() {
const txIndex = await getTxIndex(apiKey);
const logIndex = await getLogIndex(txIndex);
// Filter logs by pool ID, sorted by timestamp
const tvlLogs = logIndex.filter((log) => log.poolId === 'univ3').sort((a, b) => a.timestamp - b.timestamp);
return tvlLogs;
}
// Function to get the liquidity query for the current block
async function getCurrentLiquidity() {
const txIndex = await getTxIndex(apiKey);
const logIndex = await getLogIndex(txIndex);
// Filter logs by pool ID and sort by timestamp
const tvlLogs = logIndex.filter((log) => log.poolId === 'univ3').sort((a, b) => a.timestamp - b.timestamp);
return tvlLogs;
}
// Function to get TVL and fund liquidity UnivswapV3
async function getPoolMetrics() {
const tvl = await getCurrentTvl();
const liquidity = await getCurrentLiquidity();
yield { tvl, liquidity };
}
// Usage
const poolId = 'univ3';
getPoolMetrics().then((metrics) => console.log(metrics));

In this example, we define three functions: «getCurrentTvl», «getCurrentLiquidity» and «getPoolMetrics». Each function uses a structured event query to retrieve the required data from the Univswap database. The results are then displayed as JavaScript objects.

Conclusion

Ethereum: How to reconstruct UnivswapV3 pool TVL and liquidity via ordered events?

UnivswapV3 pool TVL and liquidity reconstruction using ordered events is a powerful tool for analyzing the health and performance of the DEX protocol. With this guide, you can take control of your data and make informed decisions to optimize your business strategy. Remember to always keep your API credentials safe and use a reputable library like «eth-ordens» for accurate results.

Bitcoin: sendcmpct message

Understanding the sendcmpct Message in Bitcoin

Bitcoin: sendcmpct message

When a node on the Bitcoin testnet3 (also known as the «Testnet») initiates a transaction and sends a sendcmpct message to other nodes, it’s sending a complex data structure that conveys important information about the transaction. In this article, we’ll break down what each field in the sendcmpct message typically represents.

The sendcmpct Message Structure

A sendcmpct message is a part of the Bitcoin protocol used for transactions between nodes on the testnet3. The structure consists of 30 fields, which are divided into two main sections: Header and Data.

* vsize: The number of bytes allocated to the transaction header.

* inbound, outbound, and timestamp: Timestamps for each side of the transaction. In this case, there are two inbound and two outbound timestamps, indicating that these transactions were initiated by the sender (Node A) and the receiver (Node B).

Decoding the sendcmpct Message

Let’s examine the first few bytes of the sendcmpct message you received: [11, 17, 9, 7, 115, 101, 110, 100, 99]. To decode this message, we need to understand its structure.

Assuming the data is correctly formatted and does not contain any padding bytes, we can infer that each field in the Data section represents a specific value. Here’s what we know about the first few fields:

Interpreting the Field Values

Without additional context, it’s challenging to provide specific meanings for each field. However, we can make some educated guesses based on common practices in Bitcoin protocol design:

* inbound_timestamp: A value indicating the timestamp at which a transaction was initiated.

* outbound_timestamp: A value indicating the timestamp at which a transaction was sent to or received by Node B.

* value: An unsigned 32-bit integer representing an important value in the Bitcoin protocol (e.g., a coinbase script hash).

* size: A signed integer indicating the size of this field.

* index: An index into an array representing a specific Bitcoin-related value (e.g., a transaction type).

* value: A single value indicating a specific Bitcoin protocol construct.

To decode the entire message and understand its contents, it’s essential to consult the Bitcoin testnet3 documentation and network rules. The sendcmpct message is just one aspect of the overall Bitcoin protocol, and its structure is subject to change as new features and updates are implemented.

Recommendations for Further Research

By understanding the structure of the sendcmpct message, you’ll be better equipped to interpret its contents and make informed decisions about your custom Rust code.